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1857 1st American Chess Congress by date An attempt to add dates to the 1st American Chess Congress games. <The Fuller-Meek Mystery Match> The score for game 2 is unavailable. Fiske in the tournament book has Meek winning games 1, 2 and 5 with Fuller winning games 3 and 4. Newspaper accounts, however, have Fuller winning game 2 in 68 moves. If the scores are correct, he would have won the match with 3 wins after game 4. The NY Tribune says Meek and Fuller split games 3 and 4 and played a 5th game draw that same day. Fiske expresses bewilderment as to how all four existing scores have Meek playing the White pieces. We will stay with the tournament book, but it seems plausible that game 4 has the colors reversed. This would give Meek White in games 1,3,5 and 6. They kept the same colors after a draw. A likely match table is table[ WBWBWW Meek 1010½1 Fuller 0101½0 ]table Oct 6 Tuesday - All matches started on Oct 6 except Stanley-Lichtenhein. http://www.chessarch.com/excavation... Oct 7 Wednesday - Paulsen-Calthrop and Montgomery-Allison played 2 games and those matches ended. Morphy-Thompson did not play, although they did contest a casual game. Fiske-Marache finished an adjourned game. Stanley-Lichtenhein still hadn't started. Meek lost to Fuller, Kennicott to Raphael and Knott to Perrin, all three matches tied at 1-1. The Meek-Fuller game score is unavailable. http://www.chessarch.com/excavation... Oct 8 Thursday - Morphy over Thompson (3-0). Fiske defeated Marache (2-0). Perrin-Knott (adjourned - eventually drawn only the first 32 moves are available). Meek-Fuller DNP. Kennicott-Raphael drawn. Stanley-Lichtenstein still hadn't started. Morphy played casual games against Montgomery in the morning and Paulsen at 9 p.m, winning both. http://www.chessarch.com/excavation... Oct 9 Friday - Stanley finally showed up! He lost to Lichtenhein. Meek-Fuller played 3 games ending up even for the day at 1-1-1 and 2-2-1 for the match. Kennicott defeated Raphael. Fiske-Marache DNP (illness), Perrin-Knott DNP http://www.chessarch.com/excavation... Oct 10 Saturday - Only two games were contested on what apparently was considered an off day. Stanley beat Lichtenhein, thereby evening the match (1-1). Raphael defeated Kennicott. Their match was also tied at 2-2-1. At 4:00 p.m., Paulsen began a four board blindfold simul. Source: NY Herald Oct 12, 1857 page 8 Oct 12 Monday - Raphael beat Kennicott to win the match 3-2-1. Stanley beat Lichtenhein (2-1). Knott defeated Perrin (2-1-1). Meek-Fuller DNP, Fisk-Marache DNP (illness). http://www.chessarch.com/excavation... Oct 13 Tuesday - Meek beat Fuller, winning the match 3-2. Lichtenhein won from Stanley (2-2). Paulsen defeated Montgomery (1-0). Knott-Perrin was drawn (2-1-2). Score is unavailable. Fiske complains "recorded in such a way as to be wholly unintelligible". Meek lost to Morphy. http://www.chessarch.com/excavation... Oct 14 Wednesday - Marache over Fiske (1-2), Paulsen over Montgomery (2-0 and match). Montgomery had to leave and resigned the match. Morphy over Meek (2-0). Perrin defeated Knott (2-2-2). http://www.chessarch.com/excavation... Oct 15 Thursday - Perrin defeated Knott and won the match (3-2-2). Lichtenhein won over Stanley and won the match (3-2). Morphy beat Meek and won the match (3-0). http://www.chessarch.com/excavation... Oct 16 Friday - Lichtenhein defeated Perrin (1-0)- New York Weekly News Saturday, October 24, 1857 "Messrs. Lichtenhein and Perrin have just commenced, the former won the first game last evening" Oct 17 Saturday - Marache defeated Fiske (2-2)- New York Morning Express, Monday, October 19, l857 http://fultonhistory.com/highlighte... Oct 20 Tuesday - Marache finally defeats Fiske and wins match 3-2. The match had held up the progress of the tournament and now Marache tried to speed things by playing Raphael in evening and two games a day for the next two days. He lost the first gaame and Raphael led 1-0. Oct 21 Wednesday - Raphael drew and then defeated Marache in a second game to lead 2-0-1 in the match Fiske(page 86). Paulsen 5 game Blindfold exhibition @4 p.m. Four games were adjourned. Oct 22 Thursday - Marache defeated Raphael twicw to even their match at 2-2-1, Fiske (page 86). Lichtenhein-Morphy 0-1 game 1 of their match, Lawson (game 25), Fiske(page 86). Paulsen finished his BF exhibition. Oct 23 Friday - Raphael defeated Marache and won the match 3-2 with 1 draw. Morphy-Lichtenhein 1-0, Lawson (game 26). Morphy led 2-0. Oct 24 Saturday - Raphael-Paulsen 0-1 game 1, The Raphael-Marache match ended on the 23rd. We date this game the day after but it's possible it was played Friday night. Oct 26 Monday - Lichtenhein-Morphy drawn game 3 http://www.chessarch.com/excavation... Paulsen-Raphael drawn in two sessions and 14 hrs game 2. Played Oct 26 and 27 Oct 27 Tuesday - Morphy-Lichtenhein 1-0 game 4, Morphy wins 3-0-1 http://www.chessarch.com/excavation... Oct 28 Wednesday Paulsen defeated Raphael to lead 2-0-1. Raphael resigned the match. Oct 29 Thursday Morphy beat Paulsen in a 4 hour morning game 1-0, Lichtenhein-Raphael 1-0 Evening Post (Oct 31). Morphy and Paulsen started their 2nd game, but adjourned at 5 p.m. http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%... Oct 30 - Friday- Morphy-Paulsen is drawn after 13 hours play. 1-0-1 Oct 31 - Saturday - Paulsen wins the 3rd game. 1-1-1 match score. Nov 2 - Monday morning (4th match game) - Morphy-Paulsen play a two hour draw. Nov 2 - Monday afternoon (5th match game) - Game started and adjourned at 5 p.m. Nov 4-Weds - Morphy Wins his fourth game Nov 5-Thursday Morphy Wins the 5th game and the match http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%... http://www.fultonhistory.com/highli... Notes: <Raphael-Marache> Oct 20 - First Game (3.5 hrs) - Fiske (page 85), Tribune (Oct 21) 1-0 Fiske(page 86) gives the score as 2-2 through Oct 22. When we include the draw in his score, it means that they played 4 games in 2 days. We date two games on each day: table[Oct 21 - Game 2 (2 hrs) 1/2-1/2, game 3 (2 hrs) 1-0 Oct 22 - Game 4(.75 hrs) 0-1, Games 5 (5.25 hrs) 0-1 score is 2-2 - Fiske (page 86) Oct 23 - Games 6 (2hrs) 1-0 Raphael wins 3-2 with 1 draw ]table It possible three games were played on Oct 21. However, Paulsen's blindfold exhibition started at 4 p.m. on the 21st and it seems unlikely the players would have started another game. <Morphy-Lichtenhein> Lawson dates games one and two on Oct 22 and Oct 23. He states that both Morphy and Paulsen ended their semi-final matches on Monday Oct 26. Fiske also dates game 1 on the 22nd and says the score is 2-0-1 as of the 24th. This would mean the draw or third game was played on Saturday the 24th. However, the Tribune (Oct 26) has only two games played the previous week and their report on Wednesday(Oct 28) has Morphy winning the match on Tuesday after drawing a game. Note that the Lawson/Fiske scenario would have Morphy and Paulson just waiting around three days until the 29th to start their match. This is unlikely and I favor the newspaper account dating the four games on Oct 22, 23, 26 and 27. <Paulsen-Raphael> The Marache-Raphael match finished on the 23nd. I have dated the first game of this match on the 24th (6 hrs won by Paulsen) . There is the small possibility that it was started on the 23rd after the Marache match. The second game was played Oct 26 and Oct 27, a two session 14 hour draw Tribune Oct (28) The third game was played Oct 28, Tribune (Oct 29). Raphael resigned the match trailing 0-2-1. <Morphy-Paulsen> Oct 29 - Thursday Morning Morphy wins the first game. Second game started. Oct 30 - Friday (conclusion of 2nd game) Oct 31 - Saturday (3rd game) (Paulsen wins) Nov 2 - Monday morning (4th game) - Morphy-Paulsen play a two hour draw. Nov 2 - Monday afternoon (5th match game) - Game started and adjourned at 5 p.m. Nov 3 - Tuesday Morphy wins the fifth game 3-0-1 Nov 4- Wednesday - Morphy's Brilliancy wins the fourth game Nov 5- Thursday Morphy Wins the 5th game and the match <Undated> Fiske-Marache game 4 (update - date now found!); Lichtenhein-Perrin games 2,3. 57 games, 1857 Cambridge Springs 1904 In the Spring of 1904, American and European chess masters gathered at Cambridge Springs, Pennsylvania to compete in a large round robin tournament. Among the competitors were seven of the top ten players of the world, as well as the World Champion and the various national champions of Russia, France, Austria, and the United States. The participants were Emanuel Lasker, Mikhail Chigorin, David Janowski, Harry Nelson Pillsbury, Carl Schlechter, Frank James Marshall, Georg Marco, Jacques Mieses, Richard Teichmann, Jackson Showalter, William Napier, Albert Hodges, Eugene Delmar, Albert Fox, John Finan Barry, and Thomas Francis Lawrence. 27 year old Frank Marshall stunned the chess world with his phenomenal victory of 13/15 over the chess elite, including wins against Janowski, Schlechter, and Pillsbury (two of which were brilliancy prizes). Marshall's win marked the beginning of a career that would include going on to be US Champion for 27 years and a challenger for the world championship against Lasker in 1907. The final standings and crosstable: 1st Marshall 13/15 * 1 ½ ½ 1 1 ½ 1 1 1 1 1 ½ 1 1 1 =2nd Janowski 11/15 0 * 0 ½ ½ 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 =2nd Lasker 11/15 ½ 1 * ½ ½ 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 ½ 1 1 4th Marco 9/15 ½ ½ ½ * ½ ½ 1 0 ½ 1 0 1 ½ ½ 1 1 5th Showalter 8½/15 0 ½ ½ ½ * ½ 1 1 1 ½ 0 ½ ½ ½ ½ 1 =6th Schlechter 7½/15 0 0 1 ½ ½ * 0 ½ ½ 0 ½ 1 1 ½ 1 ½ =6th Chigorin 7½/15 ½ 0 0 0 0 1 * 1 ½ 0 1 ½ 1 1 0 1 =8th Mieses 7/15 0 0 0 1 0 ½ 0 * 1 1 1 0 1 ½ 1 0 =8th Pillsbury 7/15 0 0 1 ½ 0 ½ ½ 0 * 1 ½ 0 ½ 1 ½ 1 =10th Fox 6½/15 0 1 0 0 ½ 1 1 0 0 * 1 1 0 1 0 0 =10th Teichmann 6½/15 0 0 0 1 1 ½ 0 0 ½ 0 * ½ 1 0 1 1 =12th Lawrence 5½/15 0 0 0 0 ½ 0 ½ 1 1 0 ½ * 1 ½ 0 ½ =12th Napier 5½/15 ½ 0 0 ½ ½ 0 0 0 ½ 1 0 0 * 1 1 ½ =14th Barry 5/15 0 0 ½ ½ ½ ½ 0 ½ 0 0 1 ½ 0 * 0 1 =14th Hodges 5/15 0 0 0 0 ½ 0 1 0 ½ 1 0 1 0 1 * 0 16th Delmar 4½/15 0 0 0 0 0 ½ 0 1 0 1 0 ½ ½ 0 1 * This collection would not have been possible without: http://cs1904.com/ 120 games, 1904 Capablanca's My Chess Career Games from Dover publishers "My Chess Career" by World Champion Jose Raul Capablanca 13 games, 1901-1919 Chigorin-Tarrasch match This match was contested in St. Petersburg between October 8 and November 14, 1893. The time control was 15 moves an hour; the stakes were 5,000 marks per side. The first player to win ten games would win the match, but if each player won nine games, the match would end without a winner. In <Dreihundert Schachpartien>, Tarrasch wrote that he received an invitation "couched in the most flattering terms" from St. Petersburg. On the other hand, Kasparov stated in <On My Great Predecessors I> that Tarrasch challenged Chigorin. In any case, the German arrived in St. Petersburg on October 4 and the match began four days later. Tarrasch never trailed, winning the first game in 29 moves, later leading 4-2, but he couldn't shake Chigorin. After 17 games, Tarrasch led +8-5=4, and wrote that "everyone thought (me most of all) that the match was decided in my favor." But Chigorin promptly won three in a row to tie the match again. Tarrasch won the 21st game, but Chigorin took the 22nd in a fascinating endgame. Thus, under the rules, the match ended in a tie: +9-9=4. Kasparov praised the match for the "richness of its chess content" and noted that the contestants "fought literally to the to the last pawn: in the first nine games and the six final ones there was not a single draw!" The match is also prized because of its vivid clash of styles. Tarrasch was a renowed exponent of classical chess. Kasparov wrote that "Both in his play, and in his commentaries, Tarrasch aimed to follow general rules, and he methodically formulated them[.]" Chigorin was quite different. As Botvinnik put it, "To get any idea of Tchigorin’s creative style we must realize that he frequently looked not for the rules but the exceptions." The Russian repeatedly adopted 2.Qe2 against Tarrasch's French Defense, leading in a number of cases to the sort of King's Indian Reversed that would become popular in the following century. 22 games, 1893 Harry Nelson Pillsbury: The Dover Book Games These 13 games of Harry Nelson Pillsbury are in the Dover book "Pillsbury's Chess Career" published in 1966. Irving Chernev wrote the introduction and says, "The games in this book are attractive. I like them all, and play them over often. Here are some of my particular favorites". complete 13 games, 1895-1904 Hastings 1922 In September of 1922, the organizers of the Hastings chess congress decided to hold a masters tournament which would pit two English masters against four of the best from the European continent. The participants of the double round robin were Alexander Alekhine, Efim Bogoljubov, Akiba Rubinstein, Siegbert Tarrasch, George Alan Thomas, and Frederick Yates. Alekhine managed to edge out superstar Rubinstein by half a point in the final, winning his most famous game ever against long time rival Bogoljubov, whereas Rubinstein struggled for over a hundred moves against Thomas only to come up short at the end. The final standings and crosstable: 1st Alekhine 7½/10 ** ½1 11 11 1½ 0½ 2nd Rubinstein 7/10 ½0 ** ½1 11 1½ ½1 =3rd Thomas 4½/10 00 ½0 ** ½½ ½½ 11 =3rd Bogoljubov 4½/10 00 00 ½½ ** 1½ 11 5th Tarrasch 4/10 0½ 0½ ½½ 0½ ** 1½ 6th Yates 2½/10 1½ ½0 00 00 0½ ** 30 games, 1922 Janowski vs. Marshall Matches <"Although not always successful, there are no more interesting chess masters to be found at the present day than the American champion, Frank J. Marshall, and the Franco-Polish expert, D. Janowski. A careful perusal of the games they played at Biarritz will show that these men do not believe in waiting tactics. Neither of them expects his adversary to beat himself, but they go hammer and tongs at each other and do not mind the consequences. Their object seems solely to be to create complicated and exciting positions and thus make it worth their while to fight.> ["New York Sun", October 6, 1912, commenting on the fourth Janowski - Marshall match] <Match 1: New York, 1899> A match rivalry lasting almost two decades started immediately after the conclusion of Janowski - Showalter First Match (1898), as David Janowski began a scheduled series of five games for a nominal stake with Frank Marshall, champion of the Brooklyn Chess Club. The player who first scored three points would win the match. table[ 1 2 3 4 Janowski 0 1 1 1 3.0 Marshall 1 0 0 0 1.0 ]table [Janowski had White in the odd-numbered games.] The match was played January 18-21, 1899. Only four games were contested, as Janowski swept the last three after Marshall pulled off a surprising victory in the first game. The third game was played at the Brooklyn Chess Club, the others at the Manhattan Chess Club. <Source>: "American Chess Magazine", February 1899, p.370. ***** <Match 2: Paris, 1905> Following the tournament at Cambridge Springs in 1904, where Marshall came out the victor and Janowski tied for 2nd, there was much interest in arranging a match between the two--not just for its intrisic interest, but as a possible precursor to a challenge to Lasker. This came about in Paris from January 24-March 7, 1905. The conditions of the match were published in the British Chess Magazine for February, 1905: <"The stakes of 500 dollars each side to be deposited with the President of the Philidor Chess Club. The victory to be decided by attaining the score of eight won games, drawn games not counting. If the scores should be seven each, the match will be prolonged until one of the players wins ten games, which will then be decisive. If the scores come to nine each, the match will be declared drawn. "Three games will be played each week, on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, from 1:30 p.m. to 6 p.m., and from 8:30 p.m. till midnight. Unfinished games will be resumed the next day at the same hours. The time limit is 30 moves in the first two hours, and 15 moves per hour afterwards."> Later, a clause was added allowing each player one postponement, Marshall taking advantage of this on February 4th due to a severe cold. The match was played in a small room at the Philidor Club of Paris to which only the players, their witnesses, and the director were admitted. Moves were displayed on a large board in the lobby for the public's behalf. The play saw Marshall twice pop out to two-point leads, and Janowski come back to tie the score. Then Marshall popped out to a three-point lead, which soon settled the matter. table[ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Marshall 1 1 0 = 0 = 1 1 0 0 1 = 1 1 = 0 1 10.0 Janowski 0 0 1 = 1 = 0 0 1 1 0 = 0 0 = 1 0 7.0 ]table [Marshall had White in the odd-numbered games.] An additional game, played a week after the match ended for a separate stake of 500 francs (300 to the winner, 200 to the loser), was provided by Janowski's patron, Leo Nardus. This game, won by Janowski, is sometimes included as part of this match. See Janowski vs Marshall, 1905. Janowski accepted the defeat with his usual good grace: <"Mr. F. J. Marshall, Paris DEAR Sir:--I consider that the result of our match far from proving our respective abilities. On the contrary, as in the great majority of games I allowed the 'win or draw' to escape me, I am persuaded that normally I should have won very easily. "I therefore challenge you to a return match on the following conditions:--The first winner of ten games to be declared the winner, draws not to count. I also offer you the advantage of four points: that is to say, my first four wins are not to count. Stakes are not to exceed 5,000 francs. JANOWSKI"> Foolhardy, to say the least. When the rematch was finally played three years later, Janowski won by only three points. <Sources>: "American Chess Bulletin", February 1905, p. 24-26. "British Chess Magazine", February 1905, p.59 ; March 1905, p. 105. "Marshall v. Janowski : the games of the Paris match" with notes by F.J. Marshall; reprinted from the Manchester Guardian. Kegan Paul, 1905. Available at: http://books.google.com/books?id=rZ... ***** <Match 3: Suresnes, 1908> table[ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Janowski 1 1 = 1 = 0 0 = 1 1 6.5 Marshall 0 0 = 0 = 1 1 = 0 0 3.5 ]table [Marshall had White in the odd-numbered games] What had been a much anticipated rematch turned out to be a private affair, held at the house of noted chess patron Leo Nardus in the Parisian suburb of Suresnes from January 17-February 4, 1908. Marshall was never able to recover from losing the first two games, and Janowski scored the match by 5 games to 2, with 3 drawn. <Source>: "American Chess Bulletin", March 1908, p.48; June 1908, p. 118. ***** <Match 4: Biarritz, 1912> Well, maybe it was. The "New York Sun" of September 22, 1912, has this interesting passage: <"When writing to a friend in this city Marshall distinctly states this this is not a match at all, that at the request of M. Nardus of Paris the masters were asked to play a series of ten exhibition games, the Parisian Maecenas paying a fee for each game. Both players consider these games good practice for the forthcoming New York-Havana Congress."> This sounds much like the 1908 match, a series of ten games played at the home of Nardus. This time he sweetened the pot a bit with a trip to the resort of Biarritz in southwestern France. All the game dates have not yet been found. Reports in the New York papers indicate the series was played in the last three weeks of September, but other sources indicate the match started September 2 and was played at a rapid pace. Apparently, the reports may have been delayed due to the remote location. table[ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Marshall = 0 1 1 1 = 1 1 0 1 7.0 Janowski = 1 0 0 0 = 0 0 1 0 3.0 ]table [Janowski had White in the odd-numbered games.] Janowski started well, but Marshall turned the tables with his famous brilliancy in game 3 and cruised to victory. You know, the click for larger view <12...Qxf3!!> game. Everyone knows that was from their 1912 "Match", so I'm not about to change history and call it an "Exhibition". Marshall notwithstanding. <Sources>: "New York Sun", September 15 and 22, 1912; ***** <Match 5: New York, 1916> The fifth and final match between Marshall and Janowski was held from June 1-15 at the Manhattan Chess Club in New York City. Originally scheduled to be ten games, it ended when Marshall clinched victory with a draw in the eighth game. table[ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Marshall 1 = = 1 0 1 1 = 5.5 Janowski 0 = = 0 1 0 0 = 3.5 ]table [Janowski had White in the odd-numbered games.] In all, Janowski and Marshall played 49 match games. Marshall won three of the matches, with a total score of +21 -16 =17 (55.1%). <Source>: "American Chess Bulletin", July-August 1916, p.144-148. 49 games, 1899-1916 London 1922 NOTE : This collection has now been superceded by London (1922) During the 19th Century London, England had been the setting for some great tournaments. The first international tourney in 1851, the first double round robin tourney in 1862, the contest of 1883 and Lasker's triumph of 1899. In December 1921 the British Chess Federation decided to hold an international tournament of sixteen players as the main event of its 1922 congress. Invitations were sent to Capablanca, Alyekhin, Rubinstein, Bogolyubov, Reti, Tartakover, Vidmar, Euwe, Kostich and Marshall but the last two named players had problems with their travelling expenses and were unable to accept. In addition the current British Champion and the Champions of Australia and Canada were also invited. Held in the Central Hall Westminster, London the tournament ran from the 31st of July to the 19th of August, 1922. Many games played in this tourney would later grace the best games collections of a number of players. - table[ Pts 1. Capablanca * ½ 1 ½ 1 1 ½ ½ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 13 2. Alyekhin ½ * ½ 1 ½ ½ ½ ½ 1 1 1 1 ½ 1 1 1 11½ 3. Vidmar 0 ½ * 0 1 ½ 1 ½ 1 ½ 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 4. Rubinstein ½ 0 1 * ½ ½ 1 1 ½ 0 1 ½ 1 1 1 1 10½ 5. Bogolyubov 0 ½ 0 ½ * ½ 1 1 0 1 ½ 0 1 1 1 1 9 6. Reti 0 ½ ½ ½ ½ * ½ ½ 1 1 ½ 1 0 1 0 1 8½ 7. Tartakover ½ ½ 0 0 0 ½ * ½ 1 0 1 1 1 ½ 1 1 8½ 8. Maroczy ½ ½ ½ 0 0 ½ ½ * 1 ½ ½ 1 ½ 0 1 1 8 9. Yates 0 0 0 ½ 1 0 0 0 * 1 1 1 1 1 ½ 1 8 10. Atkins 0 0 ½ 1 0 0 1 ½ 0 * 0 1 ½ ½ 0 1 6 11. Euwe 0 0 0 0 ½ ½ 0 ½ 0 1 * 0 1 0 1 1 5½ 12. Znosko-Borovsky 0 0 0 ½ 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 * 1 ½ 1 0 5 13. Wahltuch 0 ½ 0 0 0 1 0 ½ 0 ½ 0 0 * 1 1 ½ 5 14. Morrison 0 0 0 0 0 0 ½ 1 0 ½ 1 ½ 0 * 0 1 4½ 15. Watson 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 ½ 1 0 0 0 1 * 1 4½ 16. Marotti 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 ½ 0 0 * 1½]table - Allocation Of Prizes : 1st Capablanca 250 Pounds Sterling 2nd Alyekhin 150 Pounds Sterling 3rd Vidmar 100 Pounds Sterling 4th Rubinstein 70 Pounds Sterling 5th Bogolyubov 40 Pounds Sterling 6th= Reti & Tartakover 30 Pounds Sterling 7th= Reti & Tartakover 25 Pounds Sterling 8th= Maroczy & Yates 20 Pounds Sterling - 120 games, 1922 London 1899 In the late spring of 1899, eighteen of the world's best chess masters were invited to participate in a double round robin tournament in London, England. Among those who attended were the World Champion, Emanuel Lasker, and the former world champion, Wilhelm Steinitz. Of the eighteen invited, Tarrasch declined his invitation, citing his medical practice as the higher priority. Charousek wished to attend but an illness at the time (which later proved fatal) prevented him. Amos Burn, who had agreed to come, left the first day when called away on business. The remaining fifteen players gathered in St. Stephen's Hall, found near the Houses of Parliament and Westminster Aquarium, where their play was dwarfed each day by the towering statues of historic statesmen. The time control for the tournament was set at fifteen moves every hour. Over the course of the tournament, the players were entertained and treated in a number of ways, including exhibitions by the London Chess Club at the Crystal Palace and gatherings at the Star and Garter Hotel in Richmond (a favorite stop over of Charles Dickens). Among the festivities, a banquet was held for the players at the Cafe Monaco on June 29th. The early rounds of the tournament proved surprising as Janowski took off with an early lead of 4 points after the first four rounds, while Lasker, who had dominated at Nuremburg in 1896, held only two points. It was at this point in the tournament that Richard Teichmann had to withdraw due to an eye infection (the same that later left him blind in one eye). His remaining games in the first half were considered lost by forfeit and those games have been excluded from this collection. The tide turned though, as Lasker's loss to Blackburne in the fourth round proved to be his only defeat. He went on to defeat Janowski in their first head-to-head game in the tenth round, and then never gave up the lead for the rest of the tournament. He finished four and a half points ahead of the shared seconds, once more asserting his dominance against the field of candidates vying for his crown. It was also to be an unfortunate landmark for Steinitz, who finished a tournament for the first time in his life without a prize. It was also to be his last for he died in poverty a year later. The final standings and crosstable: 1st Lasker 22½/27 ** 1½ ½1 ½1 ½1 01 11 11 1½ 1½ ½1 11 11 11 1 =2nd Janowski 18/27 0½ ** 10 01 11 1½ 11 ½1 00 11 10 11 01 1½ 1 =2nd Pillsbury 18/27 ½0 01 ** ½½ ½1 00 10 ½½ 11 11 11 11 1½ 11 ½ =2nd Maróczy 18/27 ½0 10 ½½ ** ½½ ½1 01 1½ 10 11 ½1 ½1 1½ 11 1 5th Schlechter 17/27 ½0 00 ½0 ½½ ** 1½ 10 ½1 ½1 0½ 11 11 11 11 1 6th Blackburne 15½/27 10 0½ 11 ½0 0½ ** ½0 01 1½ 01 10 1½ 11 11 ½ 7th Chigorin 15/27 00 00 01 10 01 ½1 ** 1½ 1½ 01 ½1 10 11 10 1 8th Showalter 12½/27 00 ½0 ½½ 0½ ½0 10 0½ ** 0½ 0½ 1½ 11 11 01 1 9th Mason 12/27 0½ 11 00 01 ½0 0½ 0½ 1½ ** 00 01 00 11 ½1 1 =10th Cohn 11½/27 0½ 00 00 00 1½ 10 10 1½ 11 ** 0½ 1½ 10 00 1 =10th Steinitz 11½/27 ½0 01 00 ½0 00 01 ½0 0½ 10 1½ ** ½0 ½1 11 1 12th Lee 9½/27 00 00 00 ½0 00 0½ 01 00 11 0½ ½1 ** ½1 ½½ 1 13th Bird 7/27 00 10 0½ 0½ 00 00 00 00 00 01 ½0 ½0 ** 11 1 14th Tinsley 6/27 00 0½ 00 00 00 00 01 10 ½0 11 00 ½½ 00 ** 0 15th Teichmann 2/14 0 0 ½ 0 0 ½ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 * 186 games, 1899 Marshall -- Showalter 1909 match For links to other US championship matches, see Game Collection: US Championship matches (meta) After the death of Harry Nelson Pillsbury in 1904, the US championship was vacant. Marshall had a strong win at Game Collection: Cambridge Springs 1904, finishing ahead of current world champion, Emanuel Lasker, Pillsbury, as well as the title holder prior to Pillsbury, Jackson Whipps Showalter. He also easily won the 7th American Chess Congress (Game Collection: St. Louis 1904). As arguably the strongest active US player of the day, he could be considered the natural successor to Pillsbury's title. However, the days of assuming the championship by "acclaim" were long gone. Arguments about lineage and qualification similar to the objections raised by Walter Penn Shipley (http://www.chesscafe.com/text/skitt...) in response to the proposal to name the winner of the 7th American Chess Congress in St. Louis in 1904 as US champion were revisited. The New York Chess Association planned to host a match for the US championship between Marshall and former champion Albert Hodges during their July 1909 meeting at Bath Beach. Of course Hodges probably had less of a claim on the title than Showalter, but this match would be derailed before that became a critical issue. The situation was complicated by the fact that Marshall had been beaten badly in a match by Jose Raul Capablanca (+8 -1 =14) earlier in 1909. Capablanca had lived in the US for almost five years, and objected to a US title match being arranged without his input. There was some debate as to whether he had a claim on the title. Shipley again weighed in, maintaining that citizenship, not mere residency, was a prerequisite: <"If there is any chess champion of the United States, Jackson W. Showalter,of Kentucky, is the holder of the title. Since he won it, he has never declined a challenge, and until he does so, neither Marshall, nor Capablanca, nor any other player has a valid claim to the title. It is self-evident that no one who is neither a native or naturalized citizen of the United States can be considered."> -- <Chess Weekly>, 1909 Prior to leaving for Havana for a six week trip, Capablanca was reported as intending to apply for US citizenship once he became eligible (<Brooklyn Daily Eagle>, 11 Jul 1909, page 6). After his return to the US, Capablanca made a public statement with a somewhat modified position (quoted here from the <American Chess Bulletin>): <"Since my return to this country, a few days ago, I have been asked several times concerning my attitude with respect to the United States championship and my citizenship. In reply I wish to make known my attitude in this respect. I am the undisputed champion of Cuba, and last spring I beat Marshall by the score of 8 to 1. Mr. Marshall has the greatest reputation and the best score in tournaments of any living chess player in the U. S. A., and is therefore considered everywhere as the strongest representative of the United States. By my victory over Marshall, I have taken his position as the strongest representative on this side of the Atlantic. Therefore, I consider myself the 'champion of America,' and stand ready to defend my title within a year against any American of the U. S. A. or anywhere else, for a side bet of at least $1000, United States currency. Under these circumstances the question whether I am a citizen of the U. S. A. or not has nothing to do with the matter under consideration."> While there have been those who have alleged this is evidence that Capablanca tried to pronounce himself US champion, <ACB's> interpretation of this statement was that Capablanca was claiming to be the strongest player in the Western Hemisphere, not US champion. In any event, Capablanca was clearly more interested in trying to arrange a challenge for the world championship than any claim of a US title. Marshall made arrangements to challenge Showalter before anything else could complicate the situation further. Marshall was eager to arrange and start the match, so was willing to travel to Kentucky. Showalter had never been particularly difficult in regard to match conditions, so details were settled without prolonged negotiations. A friend of Showalter wrote to the <American Chess Bulletin> in October 1909, saying: <"We discussed the conditions of his match with Marshall and he was willing to agree to all of the conditions proposed, with the exception of having draws count a half point. He says that, in view of the fact that he has not played any serious chess for a year or so, he is likely to lose several games in the earlier stage of the match and would be seriously handicapped in that case to have draws count a half point. He says, however, that you need have no fear of there being any large proportion of draws, as he intends to play the games to a finish. Concerning the number of games, he suggests eight up as suitable, but, if Marshall prefers, will change it one game either way. In regard to the number of games per week and the number of off days, he is willing to leave this entirely to Mr. Marshall. As to the time of day for playing, he prefers afternoons. His home is ten miles from Lexington and it takes an hour to get here. If the proposed conditions are satisfactory, we would suggest that you draw up a contract and forward a copy here."> The match was held at the Phoenix Hotel in Lexington, KY. <Marshall, Frank> 1 = 1 1 0 = = 1 1 1 0 1 <8.5> <Showalter, Jksn> 0 = 0 0 1 = = 0 0 0 1 0 <3.5> Marshall +1 +1 +2 +3 +2 +2 +2 +3 +4 +5 +4 +5 (+7 -2 =3) Showalter at this point was past his prime, and not that serious an obstacle to Marshall. Marshall would hold the title for many years, but only defend it once. 12 games, 1909 Modern Chess Strategy (Pachman) 'Modern Chess Strategy' by Ludek Pachman. Translated and abridged by Alan Russell. 110 games, 1855-1959 Monte Carlo 1901 In order to stimulate tourism to the seaside resort of Monte Carlo during the winter season, Prince Dadian of Mongrelia and Arnous de Rivière organized the first in a series of master chess tournaments to be held from February 1st to March 1st in 1901. Fourteen chess masters were invited to participate, but play was delayed until the 4th of February to observe the funeral of Queen Victoria I of England. The scoring format for this tournament gave ¼ of a point to each player for a draw played. The two players were then required to replay the game with colors reversed, where a win was worth ½ a point, a draw worth another ¼ point, and a loss worth 0. David Janowski won the tournament and the grand prize of 5000 Francs, while the second through sixth place finishers enjoyed their share of a 7300 Franc prize pool. The remaining players received minor compensation for their participation. Several games, although their scores and partial move orders still exist, have been omitted from this collection due to being incomplete. The crosstable and final standings (see tournament format above for scoring): 1st Janowski * 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 ½ W 1 0 1 1 10¼/13 2nd Schlechter 0 * 0 W ½ 1 1 W 1 ½ 1 1 1 1 9½/13 =3rd von Scheve 0 1 * 0 ½ 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 ½ 1 9/13 =3rd Chigorin 0 L 1 * ½ 0 1 1 W ½ 1 1 1 1 9/13 5th Alapin 1 ½ ½ ½ * ½ W ½ 0 1 1 ½ W 1 8½/13 6th Mieses 0 0 0 1 ½ * 0 ½ 1 1 1 1 0 1 7/13 =7th Blackburne 0 0 0 0 L 1 * 0 1 1 L 1 1 1 6½/13 =7th Gunsberg 0 L 1 0 ½ ½ 1 * 0 W 0 ½ 1 1 6½/13 9th Marco ½ 0 0 L 1 0 0 1 * L 1 ½ ½ 1 6/13 10th Marshall L ½ 0 ½ 0 0 0 L W * 1 1 L 1 5½/13 11th Reggio 0 0 0 0 0 0 W 1 0 0 * 1 1 1 4.75/13 12th Mason 1 0 0 0 ½ 0 0 ½ ½ 0 0 * 1 W 4¼/13 13th Winawer 0 0 ½ 0 L 1 0 0 ½ W 0 0 * 1 4/13 14th Didier 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L 0 * 0¼/13 99 games, 1901 Monte Carlo 1902 After the success of the first international chess master tournament held in Monte Carlo, Monaco in 1901, the original organizers, Prince Dadian of Mongrelia and Arnous de Rivière, assembled an even larger gathering for their follow up tournament the next year. Twenty-two of the world's best chess players were invited to compete in the round robin tournament held from February 1st to March 12th, 1902. Two of the invited players, Joseph Blackburne and Jean Taubenhaus, dropped out at the last minute, after the schedule of rounds and pairings had been published, but a strong field remained in attendance for the 21 devised rounds, including David Janowski (winner of the previous edition of the tournament), Siegbert Tarrasch, Harry Nelson Pillsbury, Carl Schlechter, and Richard Teichmann. The time control for the tournament was 30 moves in two hours followed by 15 moves for every succeeding hour. The scoring format for this tournament was kept the same as the previous year, where ¼ of a point was given to each player for a draw played. The two players were then required to replay the game with colors reversed, where a win was worth ½ a point, a draw worth another ¼ point, and a loss worth 0. Although Janowski played valiantly as he had the year before, he was unable to reproduce his victory here. Instead, the Hungarian chess master Geza Maróczy, winner of the "minor" tournament at Hastings 1895, took first prize with his accurate and convincing play. He edged out "major" Hastings winner Pillsbury by one quarter of a point and was awarded 5000 francs. Janowski came in third behind Pillsbury and ended up losing so much money at the casinos over the course of the tournament that his third place prize was only a mere train ticket home to Paris. It should be noted that 25 games are omitted from this collection because the scores are incomplete or have never been recovered. The final standings and crosstable: 1st Maróczy * 1 ½½ 1 0 ½½ 1 ½½ 1 0 1 ½1 ½½ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 14.75/19 2nd Pillsbury 0 * 1 ½½ 1 1 ½1 ½0 1 ½1 1 1 1 1 ½0 1 1 0 1 1 14½/19 3rd Janowski ½½ 0 * 1 0 1 1 ½1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 ½1 1 1 14/19 4th Teichmann 0 ½½ 0 * ½½ 1 ½½ 1 0 1 ½1 1 ½½ ½1 1 1 1 ½1 1 1 13¼/19 =5th Schlechter 1 0 1 ½½ * 0 ½½ 0 0 1 1 ½½ ½1 ½½ ½½ ½1 1 1 1 1 12/19 =5th Tarrasch ½½ 0 0 0 1 * 1 0 0 ½1 ½½ 1 1 ½½ ½1 1 1 1 1 1 12/19 =5th Wolf 0 ½0 0 ½½ ½½ 0 * 1 1 ½1 ½0 0 1 1 1 ½1 1 1 1 1 12/19 8th Chigorin ½½ ½1 ½0 0 1 1 0 * 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 11½/19 9th Marshall 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 * 0 1 0 1 ½0 0 1 1 ½1 1 1 11/19 10th Gunsberg 1 ½0 0 0 0 ½0 ½0 0 1 * 1 ½½ 0 1 1 ½½ 1 1 1 1 10.75/19 11th Napier 0 0 1 ½0 0 ½½ ½1 1 0 0 * 1 0½ ½0 ½½ 0 1 1 1 1 9½/19 12th Mieses ½0 0 0 0 ½½ 0 1 0 1 ½½ 0 * 0 1 1 ½1 1 ½0 1 1 9¼/19 13th Mason ½½ 0 1 ½½ ½0 0 0 0 0 1 ½1 1 * 0 ½½ 1 0 ½½ 1 1 9/19 14th Albin 0 0 0 ½0 ½½ ½½ 0 0 ½1 0 ½1 0 1 * ½1 0 1 1 1 1 8½/19 15th Marco 0 ½1 0 0 ½½ ½0 0 0 1 0 ½½ 0 ½½ ½0 * 0 1 1 1 1 7.75/19 16th Von Popiel 0 0 0 0 ½0 0 ½0 1 0 ½½ 1 ½0 0 1 1 * 0 1 0 1 7¼/19 17th Von Scheve 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 * ½½ ½½ 1 5/19 18th Eisenberg 0 1 ½0 ½0 0 0 0 0 ½0 0 0 ½1 ½½ 0 0 0 ½½ * 1 0 4½/19 19th Reggio 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 ½½ 0 * 1 2½/19 20th Mortimer 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 * 1/19 *For a complete and in depth study of this tournament, visit here: http://sbchess.sinfree.net/MonteCar... 210 games, 1902 Monte Carlo 1903 The quarter of Monte Carlo in the principality of Monaco hosted the third of four chess master tournaments, designed to help bolster tourism during the winter season, in 1903. Only fourteen chess masters participated in the double round robin event, since Mikhail Chigorin was turned away for his criticism of games won by Prince Dadian of Mingrelia, and Semion Alapin, Isidor Gunsberg, and David Janowski were forced to decline due to their invitations being sent last minute. Games were played between February 10th and March 17th in the Monte Carlo Casino. When the players complained of the noise to tournament director Arnous de Rivière he told them they would just have to get used to it. Siegbert Tarrasch won the tournament after several losses in the opening rounds. Geza Maróczy who had won the tournament the previous year came in second. Harry Nelson Pillsbury, whose health in the last few years was steadily declining, managed only third place in what would be his penultimate international tournament. This was also another tournament that would contribute to Richard Teichmann's nickname of "Richard the Fifth" as he placed fifth in the standings just behind Carl Schlechter. Despite the absence of the alternate scoring for draws or replayed games (rules in place in the previous two installments), all of the games were hard fought each round of this event. The final standings and crosstable: 1st Tarrasch 20/26 ** ½½ ½1 0½ 0½ 01 11 11 11 11 1½ 11 11 11 2nd Maróczy 19/26 ½½ ** ½½ ½½ ½½ 11 01 11 01 01 11 11 11 11 3rd Pillsbury 18½/26 ½0 ½½ ** 11 11 1½ 1½ 01 0½ ½1 1½ 1½ 11 11 4th Schlechter 17/26 1½ ½½ 00 ** ½½ ½1 1½ ½1 01 ½0 1½ 11 11 11 5th Teichmann 16½/26 1½ ½½ 00 ½½ ** 10 ½½ 1½ ½1 10 01 11 11 11 6th Marco 15½/26 10 00 0½ ½0 01 ** 1½ 11 1½ 1½ ½1 ½0 11 11 7th Wolf 14/26 00 10 0½ 0½ ½½ 0½ ** 01 1½ 11 11 01 01 11 8th Mieses 13/26 00 00 10 ½0 0½ 00 10 ** 11 11 1½ 01 ½1 11 9th Marshall 12/26 00 10 1½ 10 ½0 0½ 0½ 00 ** 11 01 01 10 11 =10th Taubenhaus 10½/26 00 10 ½0 ½1 01 0½ 00 00 00 ** ½½ 11 10 11 =10th Mason 10½/26 0½ 00 0½ 0½ 10 ½0 00 0½ 10 ½½ ** ½1 1½ 11 12th Albin 8/26 00 00 0½ 00 00 ½1 10 10 10 00 ½0 ** 0½ 11 13th Reggio 7½/26 00 00 00 00 00 00 10 ½0 01 01 0½ 1½ ** 11 14th Moreau 0/26 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ** 182 games, 1903 MORPHY'S MATCHES Paul Morphy's Match Record: +2 -0 =1 vs. Löwenthal (New Orleans, Casual, 1850) American Chess Congress, New York, 1857*: +3 -0 =0 vs. Thompson +3 -0 =0 vs. Meek +3 -0 =1 vs. Lichtenhein +5 -1 =2 vs. Paulsen - final +9 -3 =2 vs. Löwenthal (London, 1858) +5 -2 =1 vs. Harrwitz (Paris, 1858) +7 -2 =2 vs. Anderssen (Paris, 1858) +7 -0 =1 vs. Mongredien (Paris, 1859) <Overall: +42 -8 =9 (78.8%)> * During his stay in New York at the time of the American Chess Congress, Paul Morphy played at least 77 casual games -- excluding 4 blindfold and 1 consultation game. He won 70, drew 4 and lost only 3 (94% score). The losses were one each to Stanley (against 12 wins), to Schulten (against 23 wins) and to Hammond (against 7 wins). After the end of the tournament, Morphy declined to meet his fellow countrymen on level terms... 61 games, 1850-1859 Moscow 1925 At the end of the Fourth Soviet Championship in 1925, Efim Bogoljubov emerged as the champion. He had participated as a Russian native even though he was currently living in Triberg, Germany at the time. Nikolai Krylenko, head of the Soviet Chess Association, in an effort to better popularize chess in the Soviet Union organized an international tournament of the scope seen in New York a year earlier. The event was held in the Metropol Hotel in Moscow from November 7th to December 10th. In addition to the Soviet Champion, ten foreign masters, including Emanuel Lasker and Jose Raul Capablanca, the former and current World Champions respectively, and ten Soviet players were invited to compete in the round robin format. Before the start of the tournament everyone expected a repeat of New York, with Capablanca and Lasker racing each other to the finish, but once it was under way Bogoljubov was the one who performed supremely, ultimately winning the tournament ahead of the two favorites. His victory was hailed as a Soviet triumph, and in truth the tournament was an unprecedented success for the Revolution. Hundreds of Soviet citizens gathered at the hotel to follow the games, and tens of thousands across the country awaited news from Moscow each day. The celebration would be a bitter-sweet one for Soviet Russia, however, as Bogoljubov would never participate in another Soviet event again. He defected a year later and eventually sought German citizenship, earning him the moniker "renegade" (just as Alekhine had as well). It was also a tournament that would be of enormous historical importance afterwards. Pictures of the tournament appeared in the silent film "Chess Fever," and footage of Capablanca was shot in Moscow for the film as well. The final standings and crosstable: 1st Bogoljubov 15½/20 * ½ 0 ½ 1 1 0 ½ 1 1 ½ 1 1 ½ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2nd Lasker 14/20 ½ * ½ 1 ½ 0 ½ 1 ½ 1 1 1 1 1 0 ½ 1 ½ ½ 1 1 3rd Capablanca 13½/20 1 ½ * 1 1 ½ ½ ½ ½ 0 1 0 ½ ½ ½ ½ 1 1 1 1 1 4th Marshall 12½/20 ½ 0 0 * ½ 0 1 1 ½ 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 ½ 0 ½ 1 1 =5th Tartakower 12/20 0 ½ 0 ½ * ½ 1 ½ ½ ½ ½ 1 1 1 ½ 1 1 ½ ½ ½ ½ =5th Torre 12/20 0 1 ½ 1 ½ * ½ 0 ½ ½ 0 1 ½ ½ 1 ½ 0 1 1 1 1 =7th Reti 11½/20 1 ½ ½ 0 0 ½ * 1 0 1 1 ½ 0 ½ ½ 1 1 ½ 1 ½ ½ =7th Romanovsky 11½/20 ½ 0 ½ 0 ½ 1 0 * 1 0 ½ 1 0 0 1 1 1 ½ 1 1 1 =9th Grünfeld 10½/20 0 ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ 1 0 * 1 ½ ½ ½ 0 ½ 1 1 ½ ½ ½ ½ =9th Ilyn-Zhenevsky 10½/20 0 0 1 1 ½ ½ 0 1 0 * ½ 0 1 ½ 0 ½ 1 ½ ½ 1 1 11th Bohatirchuk 10/20 ½ 0 0 0 ½ 1 0 ½ ½ ½ * ½ ½ 1 ½ 1 ½ ½ ½ ½ 1 =12th Verlinsky 9½/20 0 0 1 0 0 0 ½ 0 ½ 1 ½ * 1 1 1 ½ 0 1 ½ 1 0 =12th Spielmann 9½/20 0 0 ½ 0 0 ½ 1 1 ½ 0 ½ 0 * 1 1 ½ ½ 1 ½ 0 1 =12th Rubinstein 9½/20 ½ 0 ½ 0 0 ½ ½ 1 1 ½ 0 0 0 * 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 15th Levenfish 9/20 0 1 ½ 0 ½ 0 ½ 0 ½ 1 ½ 0 0 0 * 1 1 ½ ½ 1 ½ 16th Rabinovich 8½/20 0 ½ ½ 0 0 ½ 0 0 0 ½ 0 ½ ½ 1 0 * 1 ½ 1 1 1 17th Yates 7/20 0 0 0 ½ 0 1 0 0 0 0 ½ 1 ½ 1 0 0 * 1 ½ 0 1 =18th Sämisch 6½/20 0 ½ 0 1 ½ 0 ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ 0 0 0 ½ ½ 0 * 0 1 0 =18th Gotthilf 6½/20 0 ½ 0 ½ ½ 0 0 0 ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ 0 ½ 0 ½ 1 * 0 ½ 20th Dus Chotimirsky 6/20 0 0 0 0 ½ 0 ½ 0 ½ 0 ½ 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 * 1 21st Zubarev 4½/20 0 0 0 0 ½ 0 ½ 0 ½ 0 0 1 0 0 ½ 0 0 1 ½ 0 * 210 games, 1925 New York 1924 NOTE : This collection has now been superceded by New York (1924) In December 1923 following an aborted attempt to arrange a World Championship match between Capablanca and Alyekhin, Herman Helms, publisher of the American Chess Bulletin, Harry Latz the General Manager of the Hotel Alamac in New York and Norbert Lederer the Secetary of the Manhattan Chess Club set about organizing a tournament to rival Cambridge Springs 1904. The tournament took place in the Hotel Alamac from the 16th of March to the 18th of April 1924. The participants were Dr Emanuel Lasker, Capablanca, Alyekhin, Marshall, Janowski, Maroczy, Bogolyubov, Reti, Tartakover, Edward Lasker and Yates. The time limit was 30 moves in 2 hours and 15 moves per hour thereafter. Capablanca was expected to be the winner but the 55-year-old Dr Lasker proved that he was by no means a spent force and ran away with the tournament. In a number of ways the tournament paralleled the St. Petersburg 1914 Tournament with the top three place getters ten years older. It was also notable for Reti's use of his own Opening, Capablanca's first tournament loss in eight years and a number of masterpieces that were created. - Crosstable : table[ Pts 1.Em Lasker * * ½ 0 1 ½ ½ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ½ 1 ½ 1 ½ 1 1 1 16 2.Capablanca ½ 1 * * ½ ½ ½ ½ 0 1 ½ 1 1 1 1 1 1 ½ ½ 1 ½ 1 14½ 3.Alyekhin 0 ½ ½ ½ * * ½ ½ 1 0 1 ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ 1 1 ½ ½ 1 1 12 4.Marshall ½ 0 ½ ½ ½ ½ * * ½ 1 0 ½ 0 1 ½ 0 ½ 1 1 ½ 1 1 11 5.Reti 0 0 1 0 0 1 ½ 0 * * ½ ½ 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 10½ 6.Maroczy 0 0 ½ 0 0 ½ 1 ½ ½ ½ * * 0 1 ½ ½ 1 1 ½ 1 1 0 10 7.Bogolyubov 0 0 0 0 ½ ½ 1 0 1 0 1 0 * * 0 1 1 1 ½ 1 1 0 9½ 8.Tartakover ½ 0 0 0 ½ ½ ½ 1 0 0 ½ ½ 1 0 * * 1 0 ½ 0 ½ 1 8 9.Yates ½ 0 0 ½ 0 0 ½ 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 * * 1 1 ½ 1 7 10.Ed Lasker ½ 0 ½ 0 ½ ½ 0 ½ 0 1 ½ 0 ½ 0 ½ 1 0 0 * * 0 ½ 6½ 11.Janowski 0 0 ½ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 ½ 0 ½ 0 1 ½ * * 5 ]table - Prizes : 1st $1500 2nd $1000 3rd $750 4th $500 5th $250 Brilliancy Prizes : A silver cup and $75 in gold went to Reti for his win over Bogolyubov in Round 12. $50 to Marshall for his win over Bogolyubov in Round 18. $25 to Capablanca for his win over Lasker in Round 14. - 110 games, 1924 New York 1857 The first American Chess Congress was held in New York City from October 6th to November 10th, 1857. Organized by Daniel Willard Fiske, the tournament was designed as a knockout format similar to the one seen at London in 1851, with the provision that draws did not count and had to be replayed. The first prize was $300. The sixteen best American chess masters were invited to participate in the event, including Paul Morphy and Louis Paulsen. Morphy dominated the event, sweeping each of his opponents until Paulsen in the final. Despite dropping one game in the final match, Morphy finished the tournament with an astounding 14 wins, 3 draws, and 1 loss. Not one to accept money for chess, Morphy turned down the cash prize in exchange for a silver tray, pitcher, and four goblets in its place. His victory cemented him as one of the best players in the world (if not the best), and prompted his tour across the Atlantic where he faced the best Europe had to offer in a series of matches, winning each and every one of them. Not long after his return to America, Morphy would retire from chess. The matches, final standings, and crosstables: First Round: +Morphy 3/3 1 1 1 -Thompson 0/3 0 0 0 +Meek 3/5 1 0 0 1 1 -Fuller 2/5 0 1 1 0 0 -Knott 2½/6 ½ 1 0 1 0 0 +Perrin 3½/6 ½ 0 1 0 1 1 +Lichtenhein 3/5 0 0 1 1 1 -Stanley 2/5 1 1 0 0 0 +Raphael 3½/6 ½ 0 1 0 1 1 -Kennicott 2½/6 ½ 1 0 1 0 0 -Fiske 2/5 0 1 1 0 0 +Marache 3/5 1 0 0 1 1 -Calthrop 0/3 0 0 0 +Paulsen 3/3 1 1 1 -Allison 1/4 0 1 0 0 +Montgomery 3/4 1 0 1 1 Quarterfinal Round: +Morphy 3/3 1 1 1 -Meek 0/3 0 0 0 -Perrin 0/3 0 0 0 +Lichtenhein 3/3 1 1 1 +Raphael 3½/6 1 ½ 0 0 1 1 -Marache 2½/6 0 ½ 1 1 0 0 +Paulsen 2/2 1 1 -Montgomery 0/2 0 0 Semifinal Round: +Morphy 3½/4 1 1 ½ 1 -Lichtenhein ½/4 0 0 ½ 0 -Raphael ½/3 0 ½ 0 +Paulsen 2½/3 1 ½ 1 Third place playoff: 3rd Lichtenhein 3/3 1 1 1 4th Raphael 0/3 0 0 0 Final Match: 1st Morphy 6/8 1 ½ 0 ½ 1 1 1 1 2nd Paulsen 2/8 0 ½ 1 ½ 0 0 0 0 68 games, 1857 New York 1889 Chess was on the rise in the United States during the 1880s, and the imagination of the world was captured in the form of a new individual: the World Chess Champion. Wilhelm Steinitz had claimed the title for himself after defeating Johannes Zukertort in a match in 1886, and in the following years in his new adopted home of the USA Steinitz would be a positive promotional force. W. W. Ellsworth and Constantine Schubert, with the urging and support of Steinitz, prepared a proposal for the Sixth American Chess Congress. The main event would be a double round robin tournament of twenty players. A world championship match would then follow on the results. When the required sum of $5000 became available in 1888, the tournament was scheduled for the following year. It was during this period that Steinitz and Mikhail Chigorin played their first world championship match in Havana from January 20th until February 24th 1889. Steinitz won 10½-6½. New York 1889 started a month later. Steinitz withdrew as a participant, much to the horror of the organizing committee, but he remained available for administrative tasks and as journalist to report on the games each day. He would also later author the tournament book. Participants included ten Europeans: Henry Bird, Joseph Blackburne, Amos Burn, Mikhail Chigorin, George Gossip, Isidor Gunsberg, James Mason, William Pollock, Jean Taubenhaus, and Max Weiss; and ten players from the Americas: D. G. Baird, J. W. Baird, Constant Burille, Eugene Delmar, James Hanham, Max Judd, Samuel Lipschütz, Nicholas MacLeod, Dionisio Martinez, and Jackson Showalter. The schedule called for six games played per week at 8 Union Square. Play began at 1pm and continued until 5pm with a break for dinner and then resumed as necessary at 7pm with games adjourned at 11pm. Adjourned games were completed on rest days. A time limit of 15 moves per hour was regulated by stop-clocks. Draws counted as half a point in the first cycle of nineteen rounds, but had to be replayed once during the second cycle, with the second result standing. The tournament lasted from March 25th until May 27th 1889. The 6th Chess Congress consisted of 38 normal rounds, 8 replay rounds, and 4 playoff rounds, for a grand total of 50 rounds. A $50 cash prize donated by Frank Rudd and Fred Wehle was awarded to Gunsberg for the best game of the tournament for his win against Mason in the first cycle of rounds. A second $50 cash prize donated by Isaac Rice was awarded to Pollock for his brilliant win over Weiss in their game from the second cycle of rounds. The star of the event was Max Weiss. He won sixteen and drew seven games before the first replay round during the second cycle. That day started with a win in 68 moves. Thereafter the game against DG Baird was replayed. Weiss achieved a won endgame but lost in 113 moves eventually. His accuracy was gone and he lost against Blackburne in 57 moves the next day. At the end Weiss shared the first prize with Chigorin after the world vice-champion bounded up in the standings. A four game play-off was intended to determine a clear winner to face Steinitz for the world crown, but the two men, no doubt exhausted from the colossal tournament, drew all their games. Lipschütz, as the highest placing American, lobbied to be considered the American champion that year, but was unable to generate unanimous support. Jackson Showalter, "The Kentucky Lion", was also making a name for himself in the Midwest at this time, winning at Cincinnati 1888, and at Saint Louis, in February 1890 (The 3rd Congress of the US Chess Association). The rivalry between the two culminated in a short match in 1890, won by Showalter, who claimed the National Title. New York 1889 can be regarded as the first candidates’ tournament. The winner had the obligation to start a match against Steinitz within a month. Neither Weiss nor Chigorn wished to be compelled to play a championship match against Steinitz. As a result, the Committee decided to cancel the event. Weiss returned to Austria. He went on to win the Kolisch Memorial in Vienna in 1890, doing so without a loss. Thereafter he concentrated on his work for the Rothschild Bank. His solid chess can be seen to precede the style of Georg Marco, Carl Schlechter and Geza Maróczy. The third prize winner Gunsberg was interested in a match against Steinitz in New York. First Gunsberg drew a match against Chigorin in Havana at the beginning of 1890 (11½-11½). Upon the strength of that result his challenge was accepted by Steinitz. They played a match at the Manhattan Club later that year. Steinitz won with 10½-8½. Steinitz extensively wrote about New York 1889 in the International Chess Magazine and The Book of the Sixth American Chess Congress, New York 1891. His publications showed profound positional insights. A match between Steinitz and Weiss would have brought together the best positional players of 1889. New York, Mar. 25th -- May 27th, 1889 table[ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Score 01. Weiss XX ½0 ½1 10 ½½ ½1 1½ 11 11 11 10 ½½ ½1 10 11 11 ½1 11 11 11 29/38 02. Chigorin ½1 XX 00 ½1 11 10 00 11 01 ½1 11 11 ½1 11 10 11 11 11 11 11 29/38 03. Gunsberg ½0 11 XX 01 ½0 ½0 1½ 10 11 11 ½1 11 01 11 01 11 11 11 11 11 28½/38 04. Blackburne 01 ½0 10 XX 01 10 10 01 11 10 11 11 11 11 11 10 11 ½1 11 10 27/38 05. Burn ½½ 00 ½1 10 XX 1½ 00 11 11 10 11 11 01 00 11 01 11 11 11 11 26/38 06. Lipschütz ½0 01 ½1 01 0½ XX ½1 00 11 ½1 10 ½0 ½1 11 11 11 10 11 11 11 25½/38 07. Mason 0½ 11 0½ 01 11 ½0 XX ½0 00 11 ½0 10 01 01 ½1 1½ ½1 ½½ 11 11 22/38 08. Judd 00 00 01 10 00 11 ½1 XX 10 11 01 00 11 00 ½1 ½0 10 ½1 11 11 20/38 09. Delmar 00 10 00 00 00 00 11 01 XX ½0 10 11 0½ 10 01 11 10 11 11 01 18/38 10. Showalter 00 ½0 00 01 01 ½0 00 00 ½1 XX ½1 10 10 10 11 ½0 01 ½1 11 11 18/38 11. Pollock 01 00 ½0 00 00 01 ½1 10 01 ½0 XX 01 ½1 ½1 01 11 00 00 11 11 17½/38 12. Bird ½½ 00 00 00 00 ½1 01 11 00 01 10 XX ½0 11 ½1 11 00 10 ½0 11 17/38 13. Taubenhaus ½0 ½0 10 00 10 ½0 10 00 1½ 01 ½0 ½1 XX 01 00 0½ ½1 10 11 11 17/38 14. Baird, D 01 00 00 00 11 00 10 11 01 01 ½0 00 10 XX 10 00 01 11 10 ½1 16/38 15. Burille 00 01 10 00 00 00 ½0 ½0 10 00 10 ½0 11 01 XX ½1 1½ 00 ½1 11 15/38 16. Hanham 00 00 00 01 10 00 0½ ½1 00 ½1 00 00 1½ 11 ½0 XX 10 01 0½ 11 14/38 17. Gossip ½0 00 00 00 00 01 ½0 01 01 10 11 11 ½0 10 0½ 01 XX 00 1½ 00 13½/38 18. Martinez 00 00 00 ½0 00 00 ½½ ½0 00 ½0 11 01 01 00 11 10 11 XX 01 01 13½/38 19. Baird, J 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ½1 00 01 ½0 1½ 0½ 10 XX 10 7/38 20. MacLeod 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 00 10 00 00 00 00 ½0 00 00 11 10 01 XX 6½/38]table First Place Playoff table[ 1 2 3 4 01. Weiss ½ ½ ½ ½ 2/4 02. Chigorin ½ ½ ½ ½ 2/4]table The historical material used in this introduction is edited from the work of Jan van Reek and others, and is used in acknowledgment. 429 games, 1889 Nuremberg 1896 NOTE : This tournament has now been superceded by Nuremberg (1896) The tournament held in Nuremberg ( also known as Nürnberg or Nuernberg ) was organized by the Nuremberg Chess Club and scheduled to coincide with a large industrial exhibition of the city. It was one of the last great tournaments of the 19th Century. Held in the premises of the Museum Society in Nuremberg it ran from the 19th of July to the 9th of August. The time limit was 30 moves in two hours. The tournament featured not only established players such as Schallopp, Winawer and Blackburne but also young up-coming talents like Schlechter, Maroczy, Janowski and Charousek. It also brought together the current World Champion Lasker, his immediate predecessor Steinitz and their main rivals Chigorin, Pillsbury and Tarrasch. A number of masterpieces and well fought games resulted. Crosstable : table[ 1.Lasker * ½ 0 1 0 1 ½ ½ 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2.Maroczy ½ * 1 ½ 1 0 ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ 1 ½ 1 1 1 1 1 ½ 3.Pillsbury 1 0 * 1 ½ 1 ½ 0 0 1 0 ½ 1 1 1 ½ 1 1 1 4.Tarrasch 0 ½ 0 * 1 1 ½ ½ 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 ½ ½ ½ 1 5.Janowski 1 0 ½ 0 * 1 1 1 1 0 ½ 0 1 ½ 1 1 0 1 1 6.Steinitz 0 1 0 0 0 * 1 ½ ½ 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 7.Schlechter ½ ½ ½ ½ 0 0 * ½ ½ 1 ½ ½ ½ 1 1 ½ ½ 1 1 8.Walbrodt ½ ½ 1 ½ 0 ½ ½ * ½ 1 0 0 ½ 1 1 1 1 1 0 9.Schiffers 0 ½ 1 0 0 ½ ½ ½ * ½ 0 ½ ½ 1 ½ ½ 1 1 1 10.Chigorin 0 ½ 0 0 1 0 0 0 ½ * 1 1 ½ 1 1 1 0 1 1 11.Blackburne 0 ½ 1 1 ½ 0 ½ 1 1 0 * 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 ½ 12.Charousek 1 0 ½ 0 1 0 ½ 1 ½ 0 1 * ½ 0 ½ 1 1 0 0 13.Marco 0 ½ 0 0 0 0 ½ ½ ½ ½ 1 ½ * ½ 1 ½ ½ 1 ½ 14.Albin 0 0 0 0 ½ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 ½ * 0 ½ ½ 1 1 15.Winawer 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 ½ 0 0 ½ 0 1 * 1 1 1 ½ 16.Porges 0 0 ½ ½ 0 0 ½ 0 ½ 0 1 0 ½ ½ 0 * ½ 0 1 17.Showalter 0 0 0 ½ 1 0 ½ 0 0 1 0 0 ½ ½ 0 ½ * 0 1 18.Schallopp 0 0 0 ½ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 * 1 19.Teichmann 0 ½ 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 ½ 1 ½ 0 ½ 0 0 0 * ]table The Final Banquet and Prize Giving was held on Tuesday the 11th of August. First Prize : Lasker 3,000 marks Second Prize : Maroczy 2,000 marks Third Prize : Tarrasch and Pillsbury 1,500 marks (750 marks each) Fourth Prize : Tarrasch and Pillsbury 1,000 marks (500 marks each) Fifth Prize : Janowski 600 marks Sixth Prize : Steinitz 300 marks Seventh Prize : Walbrodt and Schlechter 200 marks (100 marks each) A brilliancy prize of 300 marks was given to Pillsbury for his victory over Lasker. A special prize of 100 marks was awarded to Blackburne for the best score of a non-prize winner against the prize winners. - 171 games, 1896

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