Carl Adalbert Hermann Schlechter was born in Vienna, Austria in 1874.(1) He learned the rules of chess when about 13 years old,(1) probably under the influence of problem composer Samuel Gold.(1),(2) Schlechter visited a business school (Handelsschule) and worked for a short time, before concentrating on chess.(1). Berthold Englisch recognized his talent and introduced him to the Viennese chess life in 1892.(1)
Tournaments prior to World War I
Already in early 1893, Schlechter won a tournament in Vienna ahead of Georg Marco. (3) He further established himself among Vienna's strongest players with a shared 3rd place in the Winter tournament 1893/1894.(4) At 9th DSB Kongress, Leipzig (1894) he finished only 11th out of 18. In 1895, he finsihed only 3rd in the Vienna Championship,(5) but put up a solid performance at the great Hastings (1895) tournament with place 9/22 and a win over the tournament winner Harry Nelson Pillsbury in their individual encounter. The year 1896 was busy and successful for him, as it began with a shared 1st place at the Vienna Championship 1896,(6) followed by a second place in the Vienna Chess Club tournament.(7) After a good +3 score at the great Nuremberg (1896) tournament, Schlechter finished equal fourth at Budapest (1896). In November 1896, he came in 2nd in a Vienna tournament behind David Janowski, but ahead of Simon Winawer and Jacques Mieses .(8) Schlechter dominated the Vienna tournament 1897 (9) and had a solid result at Berlin (1897). The year 1898 began with a slightly disappointing result at the Vienna Chess Club tournament,(10) but then he came in 5th at Vienna (1898) and shared 6th place at 11th DSB Kongress, Cologne (1898). The strong London (1899) tournament saw him coming in 5th again.
Schlechter shared 2nd place at the second Kolisch Memorial in Vienna (1899/1900).(11) At Paris (1900) he shared 7th place, but he followed up with a shared 1st place at Munich (1900) drawing Pillsbury in the final tie-break match (+1 -1 =2). He dominated the Master Group of the Vienna Winter tournament 1900.(12). This was followed in 1901 by a 2nd place at Monte Carlo (1901). One year later, he had to satisfy himself with a shared 5th place at Monte Carlo (1902) and a 50% score in a Vienna tournament (13) though. After a 4th place at Monte Carlo (1903), Schlechter disappointed at Vienna (1903). The King's Gambit Accepted tournament at Vienna 1903, was also not a success for him.(14) Despite these discouraging results, Schlechter had a good year 1904. Unbeaten, he came in 2nd at Monte Carlo (1904), followed by a shared 6th place at Cambridge Springs (1904). In the USA, he also competed successfully in a team match.(15) Schlechter shared 1st place at Coburg (Meisterturnier) (1904) before winning the Vienna (1904) King's Gambit Declined tournament, which extended into 1905. The year 1905 continued to be a successful one for Schlechter with his triumph at the Austro-Hungarian Championship in Vienna,(16) followed by a 4th place at Ostend (1905) and a shared 4th place at the Barmen Meisterturnier A (1905). Schlechter did not slow down and turned 1906 into a banner year for him. First, he shared 1st place at Stockholm (1906) together with Dr. Ossip Bernstein. He then went on to win the huge Ostende 1906 tournament,(17) followed by 3rd place at Stockholm (1906). Schlechter only reached 6th place at 1st Trebitsch Memorial (1907). This was followed by a 2nd place at Ostend (Championship) (1907) and a shared 2nd place at Copenhagen (1907). The strong Karlsbad (1907) tournament saw him sharing 4th place together with Aron Nimzowitsch. 1908 turned out to be another banner year for Schlechter, who shared 1st place at Vienna (1908) together with Geza Maroczy and Oldrich Duras, and shared 1st place again with Duras at Prague (1908). The great St. Petersburg (1909) tournament was a disappointment for him, but the next year he won Hamburg (1910).
Schlechter continued successfully by sharing 1st place at the 3rd Trebitsch Memorial in Vienna, 1910 to 1911, together with Rudolf Spielmann. (18) He suffered a slight setback at San Sebastian (1911) with a shared 5th place, but bounced back by sharing 2nd place at Karlsbad (1911) together with Akiba Rubinstein. In 1912, he started successfully with a win at the 4th Trebitsch Memorial in Vienna,(19) but only shared 8th place at San Sebastian (1912). He recovered and shared 4th place at Bad Pistyan (1912), and shared 1st place at the Budapest (1912) Queen's Gambit Declined tournament with Frank James Marshall. (20) He shared 4th place again at the 18th DSB Kongress (1912) in Breslau (today Wrocław). After a disappointing Club tournament in Vienna,(21) he went on to win the 5th Trebitsch Memorial in Vienna (1913).(22) At Baden-bei-Wien (1914) he came in 3rd but remained undefeated, and he won the 6th Trebitsch Memorial in Vienna (1914).(23)
World Chess Championship Challenger
In 1908, he challenged Dr. Emanuel Lasker for a WC match in 1909,(24) considering his contemporaneous tournament successes. Yet, he had to wait another year before Lasker - Schlechter World Championship Match (1910), wherein he came within a whisker of winning the title of World Chess Champion: going into the final game leading by one point, he disdained a possible draw and ultimately lost. The drawn match meant that Lasker retained his crown.
Matches
In match play, he drew Marco in the spring of 1893 in a 10-game match at the age of 19.(25) In 1894, he drew matches against Marco (+4 -4 =3),(25) and Adolf Julius Zinkl (+4 -4 =3),(26) which were part of a tournament won by Marco ahead of Schlechter.(27) In 1896, Schlechter drew a 7-games match against David Janowski, (28) and in 1899 he drew a 6-games match against Semion Alapin. (29) In Carlsbad, June 1902, Schlechter clearly defeated Janowski in a match by the score of +6 -1 =3.(30) Shortly afterward in 1902, he allegedly played an 8-games match against Samuel Mikulka in Olomouc, but the final score is not known.(31) He beat the young Richard Reti in a short casual match in Vienna in 1903,(32) and played a short match against Richard Teichmann in 1904 of which the score was +1 -1 =1, but possibly a 4th game was played.(33) In 1909, Schlechter lost a blindfold match against Mieses in Stuttgart by +0 -2 =1.(34) He drew Siegbert Tarrasch in Tarrasch - Schlechter (1911). At the beginning of 1918, Schlechter lost the match Rubinstein - Schlechter (1918).
Final Years
The outbreak of World War I put an end to international tournament play for the duration. In 1915, Schlechter convincingly won the 7th Trebitsch Memorial in Vienna.(35) In 1918, Schlechter competed again internationally with a second-place finish at Berlin Four Masters (1918) and a 3rd place at Berlin Grandmasters (1918). He played one further tournament in Budapest. The Budapest Chess Club arranged a Simul for him, but a few days after it, he had to be admitted to the local Rochus hospital.(36) There he died on December 27, 1918.(36) Possible causes of his death are a lung disease aggravated by lack of proper nutrition, tuberculosis, pneumonia and the Spanish flu epidemic.(37)
Literary works
Schlechter authored Die Budapester Verteidigung des Damengambits: eine theoretische Studie (Bernhard Kagan, 1918) on the Budapest Gambit, and Das angenommene Königsgambit (Bernhard Kagan, 1918) on the King's Gambit Accepted. Marco and Schlechter edited the Karlsbad 1907 tournament book (Das Internationale Schachmeisterturnier in Karlsbad 1907, Verlag der Wiener Schachzeitung, 1911). He was co-editor of the Deutsche Schachzeitung from 1899 to 1916 together with Johann Nepomuk Berger. He also edited the 8th and last edition of Paul Rudolf von Bilguer 's and Baron Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa 's Handbuch des Schachspiels (Veit & Comp., 1912 to 1916).
Chess Compositions
Schlechter also distinguished himself as a problem composer.(38) Two examples, Ergo bibamus and Honor et Patria, can be found here Carl Schlechter (kibitz #378).
Contemporary judgement
"By the death of Carl Schlechter at the early age of forty-four, chess has been deprived of one of the most distinguished exponents it has ever known. He had, of all the great masters, the most artistic temperament; that is to say, there is a sense of imagination and ideality in his play, which is found elsewhere only in Morphy, and possibly in Frank Marshall at his best. This undoubtedly gave that peculiar quality to Schlechter’s practice which earned for him the familiar sobriquet by which he was known to the chess world; for it is often evident he has chosen a drawn, rather than a victory, when the mode of obtaining it has gratified his instinct of perfection. At the same time, his genius in defence has never been equalled, and his record of only two losses in 100 successive tournament games will stand unshaken for many a year to come. This, however, was only one side of his strength. On the other side was a power of attack and combination, when he let himself go, from which no one could escape, and that produced game; ranking for brilliancy and beauty amongst the classics of chess. His bid for the World’s Championship proved him at least the equal of Lasker, and, but for one misjudged move, would have given him absolutely the premier title. His gifts as an analyst were no less conspicuous, and there is no opening which, alike in attack and defence, does not give evidence of his amending skill. His modest and unassuming character made him a general favourite, and there is no one will be more missed by the present generation of chess players than the famous 'drawing master of Vienna.'" (39)
Sources
(1) Weiß, Stefan, „Schlechter, Carl Adalbert Hermann“, in: Neue Deutsche Biographie 23 (2007), S. 33-34 (Onlinefassung); URL: http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/p...
(2) According to Wikipedia article: Samuel Gold citing " Verkhovsky, Leonid Solomonovich (1984). Karl Schlechter. Fizkultura i sport. pp. 7 (Russian edition)", Gold was Schlechter's teacher in Vienna from 1887 onward.
(3) Rod Edwards, http://www.edochess.ca/tournaments/...
(4) Rod Edwards, http://www.edochess.ca/tournaments/...
(5) Rod Edwards, http://www.edochess.ca/tournaments/...
(6) Rod Edwards, http://www.edochess.ca/tournaments/...
(7) Rod Edwards, http://www.edochess.ca/tournaments/...
(8) Rod Edwards, http://www.edochess.ca/tournaments/...
(9) Rod Edwards, http://www.edochess.ca/tournaments/...
(10) Rod Edwards, http://www.edochess.ca/tournaments/...
(11) Rod Edwards, http://www.edochess.ca/tournaments/...
(12) Rod Edwards, http://www.edochess.ca/tournaments/...
(13) Rod Edwards, http://www.edochess.ca/tournaments/...
(14) Rod Edwards, http://www.edochess.ca/tournaments/...
(15) Rod Edwards, http://www.edochess.ca/tournaments/...
(16) Rod Edwards, http://www.edochess.ca/tournaments/...
(17) Rod Edwards, http://www.edochess.ca/tournaments/...
(18) Wiener Schachzeitung, February 1911, pp. 43-44. Provided in "ANNO / Österreichische Nationalbibliothek". See Carl Schlechter (kibitz #370) for details.
(19) Rod Edwards, http://www.edochess.ca/tournaments/...
(20) Rod Edwards, http://www.edochess.ca/tournaments/...
(21) Rod Edwards, http://www.edochess.ca/tournaments/...
(22) Rod Edwards, http://www.edochess.ca/tournaments/...
(23) Wiener Schachzeitung, September-November 1914, pp. 216-217. Provided in "ANNO / Österreichische Nationalbibliothek". See Carl Schlechter (kibitz #361) for details.
(24) Wiener Schachzeitung, December 1908, p. 376. Provided in "ANNO / Österreichische Nationalbibliothek"
(25) Neue Wiener Schachzeitung, December 1923, p. 328. Provided in "ANNO / Österreichische Nationalbibliothek"
(26) Österreichische Schachrundschau, March 1922, issue 3, p. 21. Provided in "ANNO / Österreichische Nationalbibliothek"
(27) See source (25). Marco beat Zinkl (+5 -2 =1), and so won the tournament ahead of Schechter, with Zinkl on 3rd place.
(28) Rod Edwards, http://www.edochess.ca/matches/m110...
(29) Rod Edwards, http://www.edochess.ca/matches/m115...
(30) Wiener Schachzeitung, July-August 1902, pp. 146-157. Provided in "ANNO / Österreichische Nationalbibliothek"
(31) Quarterly for Chess History, #7, 2001, pp. 535-537. Provided in Carl Schlechter (kibitz #278)
(32) Edward Winter, The Réti Brothers, http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/...
(33) Rod Edwards, http://www.edochess.ca/matches/m142...
(34) Wiener Schachzeitung, February 1909, p. 55. Provided in "ANNO / Österreichische Nationalbibliothek"
(35) Wiener Schachzeitung, November-December 1915, pp. 246-247. Provided in "ANNO / Österreichische Nationalbibliothek". See Carl Schlechter (kibitz #360) for details.
(36) Pester Lloyd, 1918.12.28, p. 15. Provided in "ANNO / Österreichische Nationalbibliothek"
(37) Warren H. Goldman, Carl Schlechter! Life and Times of the Austrian Chess Wizard' (Yorklyn, 1994), pp. 45-50
(38) Theodor Gerbec, Wiener Schachzeitung, December 1928, pp. 370-371. Provided in "ANNO / Österreichische Nationalbibliothek"
(39) Illustrated London News, Saturday 15th March 1919, p.26.
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Wikipedia article: Carl Schlechter